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Расходы и доходы предприятия, финансовые методы управления ими

Кроме того, различают индивидуальную и среднеотраслевую себестоимость. Индивидуальная себестоимость определяется конкретными условиями, в которых действует предприятие. Среднеотраслевая себестоимость определяется как средневзвешенная величина и характеризует средние затраты на единицу продукции в целом по отрасли.

1.4 Классификация затрат, относимых на себестоимость продукции (товаров, работ, услуг).

Для управления затратами необходима их классификация по различным признакам: а) для калькулирования затрат; б) для принятия решений по контролю за уровнем, составом и динамикой затрат; в) для оценки эффективности управления затратами.

Затраты предприятия, относимые на себестоимость продукции, можно классифицировать по следующим признакам Таблица 1.2.




Таблица 1.2.

Признак классификации

Виды затрат

1.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Экономическое содержание

1.1.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Явные (бухгалтерские)

1.2.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Неявные (альтернативные)

2.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Отношение к процессу производства

2.1.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Производственные

2.2.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Внепроизводственные (коммерческие)

3.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Экономический элемент (элемент расходов, сформированных затратами в соответствии с бухгалтерским учетом – п. 8 ПБУ 10\99)

3.1.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Материальные затраты

3.2.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Расходы на оплату труда

3.3.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Отчисление на социальные нужды

3.4.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Амортизация

3.5.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Прочие расходы

4.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Калькуляция статья ( в соответствии с ПБУ 10\99 перечень калькуляционных статей затрат устанавливается организацией самостоятельно; первые одиннадцать статей составляют так называемую производственную себестоимость; с добавлением коммерческих расходов образуется полная себестоимость производства и реализации продукции)

4.1.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Сырье и материалы

4.2.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Возвратные отходы (вычитаются)

4.3.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Покупные изделия, полуфабрикаты и услуги производственного характера сторонних организаций

4.4.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Заработная плата производственных рабочих.

4.5.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Отчисления на социальные нужды

4.6.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Затраты на подготовку и освоение производства.

4.7.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Общепроизводственные расходы

4.8.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Потери от брака

4.9.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Прочие производственные расходы.

5.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Зависимость от объема производства (продаж)

5.1.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Условно-переменные

5.2.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Условно-постоянные

6.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Способ отнесения на себестоимость

6.1.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Прямые

6.2.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Косвенные

7.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Связь с технологическим процессом

7.1.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Основные

7.2.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Накладные

8.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Место возникновения затрат

8.1.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Затраты производств

8.2.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Затраты цехов

8.3.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Затраты участков

8.4.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Затраты отделов и т.п.

9.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Отношение к отчетному периоду

9.1.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Расходы текущего периода

9.2.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Расходы прошлых периодов

9.3.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Расходы будущих периодов

10.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Степень агрегирования (признак однородности)

     10.1. Одноэлементные

     10.2. Комплексные

      11. Периодичность возникновения

     11.1. Текущие

     11.2. Единовременные

        12.  Степень регулирования государством        в целях налогообложения.

12.1. Нормируемые

12.2. Ненормируемые

      13. Принцип зависимости от принимаемого решения

    13.1. Релевантные

    13.2. Нерелевантные

      14. Использование в системе управление. И другие признаки

    14.1. Прогнозные

    14.2. Плановые

    14.3. Фактические

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